Lighting a string of LEDs at a constant brightness requires driving it with a regulated current. A boost converter is commonly used to step up the voltage to a level high enough to bias the LEDs on ...

In the early digital era, logic gates were made exclusively of transistors and discrete components. The obvious occupation of a large space and increased heat dissipation pushed technology to ...

The previous article examined the concept of logic gates. They can be made from discrete and active electronic components, although today logic gates are available within integrated circuits. In this ...